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Từ điển LongMan Dictionary
preliminary
I. adjective COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES a preliminary draft (=coming before others) ▪ A preliminary draft of the charter has been issued. a preliminary/initial examination ▪ The inland revenue began a preliminary examination of his tax returns in August. COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS NOUN agreement ▪ The main concrete result of the discussions was a preliminary agreement on chemical weapons. ▪ Land has been cleared and some work started under a preliminary agreement with the construction manager in December. analysis ▪ Two results of general interest emerge from this preliminary analysis. ▪ The preliminary analysis of the 70% complete survey has been discussed. ▪ The preliminary analysis should be complete by autumn 1993. approval ▪ They received preliminary approval in the outgoing Legislative Assembly on April 29 and 30. ▪ Last month, the agency gave Lilly a preliminary approval to market it for bulimia. data ▪ Average daily share volume set a record at 346 million shares a day, according to preliminary data from the exchange. ▪ Baxter saw only preliminary data, which were later revised and verified. discussion ▪ The personal approach is best: telephone or arrange a preliminary discussion. ▪ About a year ago, according to the people familiar with the situation, Volvo held preliminary discussions with Chrysler Corp. ▪ The argument about whether the monster existed could not be settled without preliminary discussion about what in general a monster was. ▪ Hardin was quite sure that his own absence during the preliminary discussions would quite suit Pirenne. ▪ On arrival, the ward sister and learner should have a preliminary discussion. ▪ Here we give a very preliminary discussion. draft ▪ If it wanted to reject the preliminary drafts, so be it. ▪ The preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation was only part of the trouble. enquiry ▪ The purchaser's solicitors will raise preliminary enquiries with the vendor's solicitors to obtain general information about the property. ▪ The questions on both forms are broadly identical to those contained on the more traditional preliminary enquiry forms. ▪ The preliminary enquiry of a seller as to what other persons occupy the property is one precaution. ▪ This problem can usually be resolved by the standard preliminary enquiries. ▪ Preliminary enquiries and additional enquiries Under the traditional system of conveyancing, the preliminary enquiry form remains in use. ▪ It is therefore important to keep stocks of the old stationery for dealing with preliminary enquiries in your office. estimate ▪ A preliminary estimate suggests a likely ceiling of between 120 and 130 machines. ▪ The government will release a preliminary estimate of full-year gross domestic product tomorrow. ▪ Gans' preliminary estimate about the Tuesday turnout means the spurt four years ago was an exception to the trend. examination ▪ Franks made his preliminary examination of the body, dictating brief comments to his secretary. ▪ She was privately educated, then went to Edinburgh University and passed part of the preliminary examination in medicine. ▪ Here at the scene of the crime he only made a preliminary examination. ▪ Prior to 1884, the various veterinary schools imposed their own preliminary examination in general education. finding ▪ Another group has published preliminary findings on alkaline secretion in a balloon occluded segment of human oesophagus. ▪ Larger numbers of subjects need to be studied to determine the significance of these preliminary findings. ▪ Invariably, the discussions that follow the analysis confirm the preliminary findings. ▪ His preliminary findings and those of the hospital differed. ▪ The preliminary findings about staff ratio and staff contact are of interest. ▪ This is the key preliminary finding of a study conducted by scientists from the University of Newcastle. ▪ This result accords with earlier preliminary findings in man and in laboratory animals. hearing ▪ The documents used during the preliminary hearing may not, subject to limited exceptions, be used at the trial. ▪ Most felonies are first addressed in Municipal Court for arraignments, continuance matters and preliminary hearings. ▪ After a preliminary hearing at a Lewes court the detained men were released on bail. ▪ A short preliminary hearing of the case was held last Monday. ▪ Yesterday all eight members of the feuding families were at Sleaford county court, Lincs for a preliminary hearing. injunction ▪ They obtained a preliminary injunction against the company and court-ordered restitution. ▪ Judge Walker set Nov. 14 as the date for hearing arguments on a preliminary injunction covering the same subject matter. ▪ The civil liberties group is seeking a preliminary injunction barring Republican Gov. ▪ A judge this week granted Nogales-Talley a preliminary injunction, prohibiting the district from demoting her to classroom teacher. ▪ Yesterday he issued a preliminary injunction, confirming that figure. ▪ The resulting restraining order is in effect until May 10, when a hearing on a preliminary injunction is scheduled. interview ▪ Recently East Hampshire District Council have been making some preliminary interviews of local applicants. ▪ Applicants may take a written exam, undergo a preliminary interview, or submit records of their education and experience for evaluation. ▪ Dalgliesh was briefing his team before he started on the preliminary interviews. investigation ▪ It is perfectly satisfied with the outcome of the preliminary investigation. ▪ Police have said a preliminary investigation indicated that speed and alcohol were factors in the accident. ▪ The hon. Member for Newry and Armagh will be aware from his constituency that there have been problems with the preliminary investigations. ▪ The preliminary investigation showed that Jeremy was more highly qualified and that management had made a sound decision. ▪ For the preliminary investigation no attempt was made to ensure that the correct code was assigned. ▪ But preliminary investigation by infrared spectroscopy of the lipids in the sorghum grains suggest the possibility of some cultivation. ▪ This work presents a preliminary investigation into the possibility of cross infection within a family. issue ▪ The judgment given after the trial of a preliminary issue is not interlocutory even though quantum is still to be tried. ▪ The assistant recorder determined the preliminary issue in favour of the plaintiff, and the council now appeal to this court against his decision. ▪ The parties to the first application agreed that the same preliminary issue should be determined in that case at the same time. ▪ Phillips J. held on a preliminary issue that the plaintiff had a cause of action. ▪ On 27 April 1990 Wylie J. directed that the compromise issue be tried as a preliminary issue. ▪ The compromise issue was tried as a preliminary issue, but there was also evidence and argument directed to the cancellation issue. ▪ In the event, the question of the existence of a duty of care was considered as a preliminary issue. meeting ▪ A report and proposals will be submitted to preliminary meetings of the 1992 Conference on Environmental Development. ▪ They wanted to discuss an international authority at the preliminary meetings, and detailed twelve possible roles for it. plan ▪ Springer said the foundation hopes to return to both commissions later this year for approval of preliminary plans. point ▪ The nature of assumptions Two preliminary points need to be made before setting out the argument against secularism. ▪ For teacher-researchers two preliminary points should always be kept in mind. ▪ The preliminary point to be decided by the judge was: when did the local authority's cause of action accrue? ▪ An important preliminary point is that the dividing line between an exclusion clause and a disclosure clause may be thin. ▪ Before discussing prison conditions in more depth, an important preliminary point must be considered. ▪ Before we examine these arguments, however, it is necessary to make one final preliminary point. ▪ On 6 February 1991 the judge held as a preliminary point that the cause of action was statute-barred. ▪ The judge had to consider a preliminary point concerning the application of the Limitation Act 1980 to the local authority's claim. question ▪ There is, however, a preliminary question to be discussed. ▪ But the preliminary questions put to Vinelott J., and the issues argued on this appeal, relate to issues of principle. report ▪ It was, however, a preliminary report, made before clinical trials had taken place. ▪ The December surplus was the first monthly trade gain in 1995, the ministry said in a preliminary report. ▪ We've got preliminary reports on the dishes of the uneaten food too. ▪ He ordered a preliminary report within 75 days. ▪ Their preliminary report on this matter has been received and is under consideration by the Crown prosecution service. ▪ That preliminary report on a matter by no means without complexities and evidential difficulties is being carefully considered. research ▪ Harris did all the preliminary research and visited the secular buildings, Pevsner confined himself to churches and medieval domestic buildings. ▪ Y., had already conducted important preliminary research on contra supporters suspected of drug activities. ▪ The problem with this poisoning business was that the preliminary research was horribly incriminating. ▪ This can be disastrous, given that even preliminary research shows some surprising results. ▪ We represent the preliminary research team. result ▪ Our preliminary results suggest that endosonography is better than computed tomography in the evaluation of tumour infiltration in these patients. ▪ Vineyards like Napa Ridge like the idea of using low impact, natural pest control and are pleased with the preliminary results. ▪ Further work is under way to map the human gene in detail but preliminary results support the localisation to human chromosome 11. ▪ In this respect, the preliminary results from an ongoing study at Coventry University are very revealing. ▪ The preliminary results reinforced what many people had suspected about the state of private and public sector housing. ▪ These preliminary results suggest the desirability of looking beyond the female labour market for an adequate characterization of economic influences on fertility. ▪ Inquiry into Boudiaf's assassination On July 25 the commission of inquiry into Boudiaf's assassination published preliminary results. review ▪ Inevitably the preliminary review presented in this chapter raises more questions than it answers. ▪ To do this risk assessment will require a preliminary review - and costing accidents can only help. round ▪ Two preliminary rounds were staged on a league basis to sort out the semi finalists. stage ▪ Its accounts, however accurate at this level, remain stuck at this preliminary stage of scientific enquiry. ▪ Discussions are in preliminary stages and it could be weeks before an announcement is made, the person said. ▪ This passed through preliminary stages and was debated during the period prior to the date of the election. ▪ In the preliminary stages of the summit the biggest story by far was the Reagan-Gorbachev matchup. ▪ Talks are at a preliminary stage. ▪ All are in the preliminary stages, until architectural historians survey each house to determine which have historic value. ▪ In the preliminary stages of analysis, dramatic methods can therefore play a central part in hypothesis-generation. step ▪ Although dating and attributing coins to mints require different methods, the preliminary step is the same in both cases. ▪ The preliminary step in both reactions involves the hydrolysis of triglyceride to glycerol and fatty acids. ▪ Study - the preliminary steps Be clear in your own mind what is involved in the course which you are studying. ▪ He said the proposed marketing arrangement represents only a preliminary step to a possible weapons technology deal, not the deal itself. ▪ The check is carried out as a preliminary step within option 1.5.2, Prepare Package for Approval. study ▪ But do you agree that we ought at least to carry out some preliminary studies? ▪ In this preliminary study a small number of units were examined. ▪ Anyway, in the course of these preliminary studies I succeeded in identifying certain exceedingly small but specific bodies in genes. ▪ The sites were chosen from preliminary studies of 28 locations. ▪ Mutations in codons 13 and 61 that occur much less often in large bowel tumours were not analysed in this preliminary study. test ▪ We had intended to wait to sign until preliminary tests and marketing trials were over. ▪ Two other canisters bearing labels for radioactive material were also found, but preliminary tests failed to detect any radioactivity. ▪ It is a good idea to do some preliminary tests, particularly with regard to the field of view. ▪ All except one have failed to get past the preliminary test stage. ▪ I was sitting in front of my easel at about quarter to nine, doing preliminary tests on a little panel-picture of a City church. work ▪ It is also often used to pay for the preliminary work involved in making applications for civil and criminal legal aid. ▪ With much of the preliminary work already done, Ministers were more amenable to finding the time to legislate. ▪ The images of 20 towns and cities were measured on 12 dimensions that had emerged as relevant during preliminary work. EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES ▪ Preliminary market research has shown that most Americans prefer environmentally-friendly products. ▪ Preliminary tests showed that pollution was very high in the river. ▪ The architect's plans are still in the preliminary stages. EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS ▪ A preliminary hearing on the charges is scheduled for March 20. ▪ Field hockey: Two of the favorites are in action in preliminary competition. ▪ None the less, the preliminary design was there, and we had forty years to solve the other problems. ▪ On Dec. 13 Landsbergis had announced that a further round of preliminary consultations had been postponed indefinitely by the Soviet side. ▪ The preliminary point to be decided by the judge was: when did the local authority's cause of action accrue? ▪ The sites were chosen from preliminary studies of 28 locations. ▪ Vineyards like Napa Ridge like the idea of using low impact, natural pest control and are pleased with the preliminary results. II. noun EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES ▪ The official opening is in September, but preliminaries include a showing of sculptures in August. EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS ▪ Equally, this important preliminary is vital to the success of choosing a suitable computer system. ▪ He was in Lane 4, center stage, because he had gone faster than anyone else in the morning preliminaries. ▪ Of course such a stage is an essential preliminary to the formulation of a theory of the performance of action. ▪ This is a move that immediately suggests a preliminary to political blackmail.
preliminary
I. pre‧lim‧i‧na‧ry1 AC /prɪˈlɪmənəri, prɪˈlɪmɪnəri $ -neri/ adjective [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] [date : 1600-1700; Language : French; Origin : préliminaire, from Medieval Latin praeliminaris, from Latin limen 'threshold'] happening before something that is more important, often in order to prepare for it: ▪ the preliminary stages of the competition ▪ a preliminary draft preliminary to ▪ The discussions were preliminary to preparing a policy paper.
II. preliminary2 AC noun (plural preliminaries) [COUNTABLE USUALLY PLURAL] 1. something that is said or done first, to introduce or prepare for something else preliminary to ▪ Pilot studies are a useful preliminary to large research projects. ▪ After the usual preliminaries, the chairman made his announcement.
2. one of the games in the first part of a competition, when it is decided who will go on to the main competition: ▪ Four teams will be eliminated in the preliminaries.
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