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※—† some other illnesses
- an illness that is passed from person to person by sexual contact: sexually transmitted disease (abbreviationSTD)(noun C/U), venereal disease (abbreviationVD)(noun U)
- an illness that destroys the body's ability to fight infection: Aids (noun U)
- an illness that gives a person very severe headaches: migraine (noun C/U)
- a disease that makes people become very thin because they do not want to eat: anorexia (noun U); a person who has this disease is (an) anorexic
- an illness that causes a person to fall down unconscious: epilepsy (noun U); adjective: epileptic
- an illness which affects the skin, nerves and flesh, causing deformity: leprosy (noun U)
※ sickness caused by movement in a car, boat, etc TRAVEL

5 becoming better after illness
- to become better after illness: be/get* better, get* well, recover (from sth), get* over sth; noun: recovery
I'm much better now.He soon got better.She recovered slowly.It took him a long time to get over his hepatitis.to make a good/rapid recovery
- a return to good health: cure
The new drug brought about a miraculous cure.
- to wish sb a recovery from illness you can say (or write) Get well (soon)
- to rest and recover from an illness over a period of time: recuperate, (formal) convalesce; the period of recovery: recuperation (noun U), (formal) convalescence (nounsingular/U)
He was convalescing in the country.
- to know that you are healthy enough to do sth: feel* up to sth
I don't feel up to going back to work yet.
- to be improving in health: make* good progress, (informal) be on the mend
The patients are making good progress.Yes, I'm definitely on the mend at last!
- no longer seriously ill: out of danger
It was good to hear that she's out of danger now.
- to be affected by a form of treatment: respond to sth
He responded well to the new treatment.

6 being well
- the condition of your body: health (noun U)
He has always enjoyed the best of health.She's in good health.
- in good health: well, all right, fine
Is she well enough to travel now?Are you all right?I'm feeling fine now, thanks.
- not often ill; strong and well; showing good health: healthy
a healthy babyhealthy skin and hair
- the state of being physically fit: fitness (noun U); adjective: fit
to try and improve your physical fitnessfit and well
Note: fine is not used in questions or in negative statements.
※ looking after your body BODY
- to ask about sb's health, you say How are you?
※—† MORE ...
- some other (informal) expressions for saying that sb is not well: under the weather, not looking yourself, in a bad way
I really feel under the weather today.She's really not looking herself.He was in a bad way when I saw him.
- a period of time spent away from work because of illness: sick leave (noun U)
He was given a month's sick leave.
- a government payment to a person who is away from work because of illness: sickness benefit (noun U)
She wasn't entitled to sickness benefit.
- a period of time when a person or animal that has (or may have) an infectious disease must be kept away from other people or animals: quarantine (noun U)
All dogs brought into Britain must be kept in quarantine for six months.
- a person who is an expert in the study of diseases, especially one who tries to find out how sb has died: pathologist
- a person who is always worried about their health even when there is nothing wrong with them: hypochondriac

illness




1 being ill
2 becoming ill
3 signs of illness
4 different kinds of illness
5 becoming better after illness
6 being well
mental illness
MIND
see also DOCTOR, HOSPITAL, MEDICINE, OPERATION, PAIN

1 being ill
- not in good health: not well (not before a noun), ill (not before a noun), unwell (not before a noun), sick
She's not looking very well. He was feeling ill. She has been unwell for several years. a sick child
- not having or showing good health: unhealthy
He looked pale and unhealthy.
- (used about a part of the body) affected by illness: diseased
The surgeon removed the diseased kidney.
Note: in British English to be sick means to bring up food from the stomach. In AmE it means the same as to be ill. In both BrE and AmE sick is used before a noun to mean ill.
- the state of being ill: illness (noun U), sickness (noun U)
mental illness unable to work due to hunger and sickness
- a type or period of ill health: illness
Tuberculosis is a serious illness but it can be treated quite easily. His illness had kept him in bed for more than a week.
- illness of the body in humans, animals or plants: disease (noun C/U)
attempts to prevent the spread of disease
- the state of being unable to use part of your body properly: disability (noun C/U)
She copes very well with her disabilities. physical/mental disability
Note: illness is a more common word than disease and often refers to the experience of being ill. Disease is used especially to refer to a particular illness which has a name.
※—† serious illness
- a short period when you suffer badly from a disease: attack (of sth)
He suffered an asthma attack/an attack of asthma.
- very ill: seriously ill; how badly ill sb is: seriousness (noun U)
He's not seriously ill. The doctor doubted the seriousness of his condition.
- a very bad illness: serious illness
- more ill: worse; verb: worsen
I'm afraid she's worse today. His condition worsened during the night.
- dangerously ill: critically ill
She's critically ill in hospital.
- an illness that causes or ends in death is fatal
This disease is usually fatal.
- an illness that is likely to end in death is terminal (adverb terminally)
terminally ill
※—† people who are ill
- to have an illness: have (got) sth, suffer from sth
They think he's got cancer. He's been suffering from asthma most of his life.
- a person who is receiving medical treatment: patient
- a person who has been very ill for a long time and needs to be looked after by sb else: invalid
He's been an invalid since the accident.
- a person who is unable to use part of his/her body properly is disabled
disabled people
- people who are ill: the sick
The sick were being treated in a temporary hospital.
- often ill: sickly
a sickly child
- an example of sb who is ill with a disease: case
Cases of cholera are rare in Britain.

2 becoming ill
- to start being ill: be taken ill, fall* ill
He was taken ill on his way home.
- to start being ill with a particular illness: catch* sth, come* down with sth, get* sth, (formal) contract sth
I've caught a cold. He came down with malaria. She's got hay fever again. Several of the tourists had contracted dysentery.
- to be in the first stages of an illness: sicken for sth
You seem to be sickening for something - perhaps it's flu.
※—† causes of illness
- a disease that can easily move from one person to another is infectious, (informal) catching
Flu is very infectious. Is she very ill? I hope it's not catching.
- if you have a disease that can easily move to another person, you are infectious
- a disease that you can get by touching sb or sth is contagious
Measles is a contagious disease.
- if you have a disease that others can get by touching you, you are contagious
Is he still contagious?
- to cause sb or sth to have a disease: infect sb/sth; the process or result of becoming infected: infection (noun U)
I must have got infected by drinking that water. A dirty water supply can be a source of infection.
- a very small living thing that causes disease: virus; small living things that exist in the air, soil, people's bodies etc and which sometimes cause disease: bacteria (noun plural); a general word for viruses and bacteria: germ
The virus that causes Aids is called HIV. Germs spread in dirty places.
- dirty and likely to cause disease: insanitary, unhygienic
living in very unhygienic conditions
- when a disease moves from one person to another, it spreads*; noun: spread
They're trying desperately to prevent the spread of the disease.
- a time when many people in one area suddenly get a disease: epidemic, outbreak
a flu epidemic an outbreak of cholera
- if you become ill when you eat, touch or breathe sth that does not normally make other people ill, you have an allergy (to sth), you are allergic (to sth)
an allergy to cats/shellfish/pollen I'm allergic to goat's milk.
※—† preventing disease
- keeping yourself and things around clean, so as to avoid the spread of disease: hygiene (noun U); adjective: hygienic; opposite: unhygienic
You need high standards of hygiene when you are preparing food. It's more hygienic to use paper tissues.
- if you are protected from a disease, you are immune (to it); noun (U): immunity (to sth)
You should be immune to measles if you've had it already.
- to destroy a disease: wipe sth out, (formal) eradicate sth
Smallpox has been completely wiped out.
※ medicines which prevent disease MEDICINE

3 signs of illness
- a change in your body that is a sign of illness: symptom (of sth)
Spots are one of the symptoms of measles.
- to have a very hot body: have/run* a temperature, (especially AmE) have a fever; adjective: feverish
I think I've got a temperature. She was running a temperature. He looked feverish.
- to measure a person's temperature: take* sb's temperature
The nurse took her temperature; it was 40※°.
- an instrument for measuring sb's temperature: thermometer
- if you feel ill in your stomach, you feel* sick
- to bring food up from the stomach and out of the mouth: be sick, throw* up, (formal) vomit
The children were all sick in the back of the car.
- a pain in your stomach: stomach-ache (noun C/U), (informal) tummy-ache (noun C/U)
I've got a tummy-ache.
- waste matter from the bowels coming out very often, partly in liquid form: diarrhoea (AmE diarrhea)(noun U)
※ illness in the stomach STOMACH
- aches in other parts of the body PAIN
- to send air out of your mouth and throat with a sudden loud noise: cough; verb: cough
- to breathe noisily and with difficulty: wheeze
- a small red mark on your skin: spot
- a group of spots that cover an area of skin: rash
- a place on the body that is bigger or fatter than usual: swelling
- a diseased lump that grows in or on a person's body: growth, (formal) tumour (AmE tumor); one that can lead to death is malignant
- a sore area on the inside or outside of the body which is very painful and can bleed: ulcer
stomach ulcers a mouth ulcer
- if you feel that you are about to become unconscious, you feel faint; to become unconscious suddenly: faint, (informal) pass out
I feel faint; I must sit down. He used to faint at the sight of blood. She passed out when she heard the news.
- the feeling that everything is going round and that you are going to fall: dizziness (noun U); adjective: dizzy
- a sudden attack of certain diseases, in which you become unconscious: fit
an epileptic fit
- a condition of extreme weakness caused by damage to the body: shock (noun U)
to be in shock
- being unable to move the body or part of it: paralysis (noun U); to cause paralysis: paralyse sb/sth
complete paralysis from the neck down The stroke paralysed his left arm.
- a medical test that shows that a disease is present in sb is positive; opposite: negative
All the tests were negative. The results of the test were positive.

4 different kinds of illness
- a disease caused by germs: infection
a viral infection a throat infection
- one of many diseases in which the body becomes very hot: fever (noun U)
yellow fever rheumatic fever
- a very serious disease in which lumps grow in the body in an uncontrolled way: cancer (noun U)
cancer of the lung breast cancer
- an illness that quickly reaches its worst stage and does not usually last long is an acute illness
acute appendicitis
- an illness that continues for a long time is chronic
chronic bronchitis
- a disease that can be cured is curable; opposite: incurable
※ types of illnesses, see table on page 229
AN ILLNESS CONNECTED WITH ※€¦ WHICH: IS CALLED ※€¦
colds and coughs
makes you sneeze a cold
makes you cough a lot a cough
is the result of being in a cold or damp place a chill
is like a cold but more serious; you have a temperature and your arms and legs ache flu (noun U), (formal) influenza (noun U)
breathing
causes difficulty in breathing asthma (noun U); adjective: asthmatic
makes you sneeze a lot hay fever (noun U)
affects part of the lungs and gives you a cough bronchitis (noun U)
affects the lungs badly and makes breathing difficult pneumonia (noun U)
gradually destroys the lungs tuberculosis (noun U), (abbreviation TB); adjective: tubercular
the heart and blood vessels
suddenly makes the heart not work properly a heart attack, a coronary; adjective: coronary
suddenly attacks the brain and can leave a person paralysed a stroke
bones and muscles
causes pain in the muscles and joints rheumatism (noun U); adjective: rheumatic
causes pain and swelling in the joints arthritis (noun U); adjective: arthritic
attacks the backbone and can cause paralysis polio (noun U)
stomach and liver
makes your appendix very painful so that it usually has to be removed appendicitis (noun U)
makes your liver become inflamed hepatitis (noun U)
makes your skin become yellow jaundice (noun U)
bites or cuts caused by animals or insects
causes a fever after you have been bitten by a mosquito malaria (noun U); adjective: malarial
causes madness and death after you are bitten by an infected animal rabies (noun U); adjective: rabid
makes your muscles, especially on the face, become stiff after you get an infected cut tetanus (noun U)
children
gives you a temperature and red spots on the skin that itch a lot chicken-pox (noun U)
gives you a temperature and small red spots measles (noun U) or German Measles (noun U)
causes the neck and lower face to swell mumps (noun U)
gives you a bad cough with a loud noise when you breathe in after coughing whooping cough (noun U)
unhygienic conditions
spreads quickly and kills many people plague (noun U)
causes diarrhoea and vomiting and can lead to death cholera (noun U)
is caused by eating bad or unclean food food poisoning (noun U)
causes a severe form of diarrhoea dysentery (noun U)
sunshine
is caused by spending too much time in strong sunlight or other heat sunstroke (noun U), heatstroke (noun U)
is caused by too much sun on the skin skin cancer (noun U)
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