|
Từ điển LongMan Dictionary
external
ex‧ter‧nal W2 AC /ɪkˈstɜːnl $ -ɜːr-/ adjective [Word Family: adverb: externally ≠ internally; adjective: external ≠ internal] [Word Family: adverb: internally ≠ externally; adjective: internal ≠ external] [date : 1500-1600; Language : Latin; Origin : externus, from exter 'on the outside', from ex 'out'] 1. OUTSIDE PART relating to the outside of something or of a person’s body OPP internal: ▪ the external appearance of the building For external use only (=written on medicines which must be put on your skin and not swallowed) REGISTER In everyday English, people usually say outside rather than external: ▪ The outside walls of the building were painted yellow.
2. EFFECT relating to your environment or situation, rather than to your own qualities, ideas etc SYN outside: ▪ Low birth weight may be caused by external factors, such as smoking during pregnancy. ▪ influences from the external environment
3. ORGANIZATION coming from or happening outside a particular place or organization OPP internal: ▪ information from external sources
4. FOREIGN relating to foreign countries OPP internal: ▪ China will not tolerate any external interference in its affairs. external affairs/relations ▪ the Minister of External Affairs
5. INDEPENDENT British English coming from outside a particular school, university, or organization, and therefore independent OPP internal external examination/examiner external auditors (=someone from outside who looks at an organization’s finances)
—externally adverb: ▪ The job should be advertised internally and externally.
adjective COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES foreign/external affairs (=events in other countries) ▪ the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs outside/external influence (=happening from outside a country or a situation) ▪ They must make their own decisions, free from external influence. ▪ The US remains the biggest outside influence on the country. COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS ADVERB as ▪ In Middle-earth, then, both good and evil function as external powers and as inner impulses from the psyche. ▪ Motivation for learning is viewed as external. ▪ And both classes may include genes that originated as external, invading parasites. ▪ Unintelligent control appears as external domination. ▪ It is modified continuously as external data is received and transformed into information. ▪ The housewife refers to them as external obligations to which she feels a deep need to conform. ▪ So classes and nations fight it out, and conflict escalates as external authority is removed. NOUN affair ▪ We can see the results of this in both the internal and external affairs of the house. ▪ The rule protected States from intervention by other States in their external affairs and maintained the inherent bilateralism of international law. ▪ The Governor, representing the sovereign, is responsible for external affairs, defence and internal security. agency ▪ In achieving these results, the college acknowledges the benefits of working in partnership with several external agencies. ▪ Inevitably review plays a great part in the process of quality control by external agencies. ▪ He feels that there is no way that an external agency can obtain the feel of a market place like Lloyd's. ▪ The existence of a partnership has also provided an appropriate forum through which external agencies can be channelled. ▪ During this period the system will have to be backed-up either by your previous in-house production methods or by external agencies. ▪ Referral to an assessment panel may come from staff or parents or external agencies. ▪ Do schools make the best use of external agencies? ▪ Could they liaise more with external agencies to develop a co-ordinated programme which makes the best use of their respective strengths? appearance ▪ The many enchanting designs from that period are almost wholly devoted to external appearance, to cottages as features in the landscape. ▪ Finally, some explanation could be given for the long-known facts of the external appearance of crystals and their properties. ▪ Conservation Ruberlok is applied internally to the underside of the roof leaving the external appearance unchanged. ▪ They are often indistinguishable in external appearance from the larger nonconformist chapels in the next street. ▪ Nobody knows how many different species there might be, even in a taxonomy based on external appearance. ▪ Today Glascoed's external appearance is largely unchanged and its scale is as awesome as ever. ▪ Remember that the success behind this unit relies on a convincing external appearance. auditor ▪ The proposals also aim to overcome the present problems relating to the independence, accountability and legal liability of external auditors. ▪ An external auditor will need to carry out detailed checking of records and procedures. ▪ For this reason a change of name is proposed from external auditors to external assessors. ▪ An external auditor must decide the scope of the work to be undertaken to discharge his or her duties. ▪ In this connection an external auditor will wish to consider what reliance should be placed on an internal audit. ▪ Review by another lawyer File audits Quality standards are monitored by internal and external auditors. ▪ And, in practice, the external auditor will take account of this in carrying out the statutory audit. ▪ However, because the ultimate responsibility is given to the external auditor, the role of the internal auditor is not emphasized. benefit ▪ For instance volunteer groups create external benefits by improving the appearance of the environment, through best-kept village competitions or reclaiming old canals. ▪ Such benefits and costs are called spillover or external benefits and costs. ▪ Those provisions covered in-house benefits as well as external benefits. ▪ Goods which are completely rivalrous, by definition, can not yield external benefits. ▪ Some goods can give private and external benefits. ▪ These external benefits are enjoyed by all and so are non-rivalrous. ▪ Additional output of goods which yield external benefits can be obtained by giving subsidies to private sector firms for producing them. ▪ In the case of external benefits this does not normally raise any major problems because such cost is an isolated expenditure. cause ▪ The external cause of the rhythms of urine formation comes from two sources: our diet and changes in posture. ▪ The important role of the environment in modifying behaviour, the external cause, has already been described. ▪ We try to establish what caused it - was it an internal or an external cause? ▪ The aim of this experiment is to study individuals under circumstances in which the external causes of rhythms are removed. ▪ There is, however, a possible external cause to them as well as, or instead of, the internal cause. ▪ The difficulty is that it is usually a mixture of both - in which case it all gets blamed on external causes. ▪ Unfortunately for us, internal and external causes do not always co-operate. circumstances ▪ Given similar external circumstances, we might well have reacted as they have done, and we would have lost our children. ▪ You are thrown into it by your personal sense of responsibility, combined with a complex set of external circumstances. constraint ▪ This is so because the former quite possibly face weaker external constraints and because management may not encounter such sophisticated incentive structures. ▪ First, there is the external constraint structure. ▪ Expert Systems Problem Solving/Minimisation Within a specific environment problems may be solved or they may only minimised depending upon external constraints imposed. ▪ In short, choice is narrowed by internal as well as external constraints. ▪ The results will provide deeper insight into the impact of external constraints and competing functional goals upon the firm's marketing effectiveness. ▪ These areas of conduct have become more subject to self-constraint and less subject to external constraint. control ▪ Something is missing in this shift from internal to external control. ▪ It is particularly susceptible to external control leading to dependence rather than internal growth. ▪ Hierarchy simply served to protect the incompetent and the officious from external control through the mutual support of superiors and subordinates. ▪ Another useful preliminary distinction is that between external control over sentencing discretion as opposed to self-regulation practised by sentencers themselves. course ▪ This foundation course is followed by the three-tier concept comprising shelf-help, in-house training and external courses. ▪ Advantage should be taken of external courses where these can be shown to be relevant and cost effective. debt ▪ Despite this major problem, banks must endeavour to monitor the external debt position of countries. ▪ However, providing foreign currency receipts from exports are available to service external debt, no real problems should arise. ▪ A high ratio invariably means future output growth and, hopefully, improved external debt servicing capacity through increased exports. ▪ Naturally, large external debts were incurred to banks, foreign governments and world agencies. ▪ The overall external debt was US$6,900 million. environment ▪ It simply indicates that the focus of attention is our thoughts rather than our external environment. ▪ There-fore, you often must convert or encode data from the external environment. ▪ Attention is focused on the external environment and markets, rather than customers. ▪ This activity will continue until the system breaks down internally or is subject to an intervention from the external environment. ▪ The intact skin acts as a barrier between the internal and the external environment which contains many potentially harmful agents. ▪ I feel that we can take control of our own destiny, no matter what the external environment says. ▪ Their survival depends on how they respond to changes in the external environment. event ▪ Your jealousy is always triggered by some external event or happening. ▪ The interactive nature of external events, and your emotional and physical reactions to them, can make work toxic. ▪ Alternatively, an external event like the death of a loved one can precipitate change. ▪ This year, external events are expected to drive the Hong Kong market. ▪ You concentrate on external events only. ▪ This process supplies the enterprise with evidence of its capability to succeed, regardless of external events and circumstances. ▪ I could not affect external events, all I could change was my own response to them. examination ▪ The first two will be assessed for certification by external examination while Investigating is assessed internally. ▪ Most of our pupils will be ready to sit the external examination in May of S5. ▪ Because of the devolved nature of National Certificate assessment, much more feedback is available than from a traditional external examination. ▪ More senior pupils in schools can use a word processor to write up projects or dissertations for internal or external examinations. ▪ Historically, she has laid much greater stress than her continental neighbours on sophisticated external examinations at the end of compulsory schooling. examiner ▪ The subject examinations committee discusses moderations by the external examiner which may, of course, affect recommendations published in the examination booklet. ▪ The paper is corrected and assessed by the teacher and by one external examiner. ▪ Britain's teachers too would welcome more use of external examiners, to lighten their workload. ▪ Others feel that double marking is essential in order to be fair to students and external examiners. factor ▪ Firstly, changing external factors meant that many plans became rapidly out of date and so they could never be implemented properly. ▪ We are not internally controlled in our actions but more externally controlled, and one of the external factors is the guilt. ▪ The proposition linking external factors to workshop behaviour rested on the first three studies. ▪ We examine why the road to our project might be closed by internal and external factors. ▪ A mixed picture emerged, characterised by a number of adverse external factors. ▪ What has been done, and what is morally judged, is partly determined by external factors. ▪ It is not influenced by external factors. ▪ The truth is that behaviour is caused simultaneously by a combination of internal and external factors. forces ▪ An equilibrium achieved by balancing the internal and external forces along a continuous boundary will reveal the qualities of the skin. ▪ Similar claims regarding violation of sovereignty are made by almost every state experiencing substantial political violence generated by internal or external forces. ▪ Any assessment of Britain's economic performance has to take account of these powerful external forces. ▪ It helps these organizations ward off external forces and the prospect of change. ▪ At issue is whether these apparent climate shifts are driven by internal or external forces. ▪ The play portrays a good marriage torn apart by external forces. ▪ While internal forces were causing the expansion of the School, external forces were once again working to contract it. influence ▪ Eating habits have changed under external influences, and it is not always easy for farming to adapt to such changes. ▪ First, remove the external influences to the maximum extent possible. ▪ The autonomic nervous system disperses and concentrates pigment throughout the body after external influences such as fear or temperature change. ▪ Here, networks use no external influences to adjust their weights. ▪ He saw that the alternative was to suppose that cells become different because they are exposed to different external influences. ▪ The rhythm is responding to an external influence that has not been controlled in the experimental protocol. ▪ It is quite possible that the Wandjina figures owe their origin to external influence. information ▪ In the format for the interviews, the external information was divided into five categories as listed below. ▪ He is joined by Peter Fairbairn, 54, who has been appointed an external information technology consultant. ▪ Again, insufficient external information was raised as a difficulty, especially among less profitable organisations. ▪ Strategic direction and decision making are about choosing the right road, and they need a high degree of external information. ▪ It also provides access to many external information services. ▪ End user specified external information. 3. object ▪ The senses, the imagination, and the judgment are the natural human powers concerned with external objects. ▪ We accept that the matter of reception of external objects by the senses is roughly universal. ▪ So what he says about external objects may be false in spite of being founded on observation. ▪ False perception can arise only if the nervous system has spontaneous activity independently of any causative external object. ▪ According to this conception, ideas may be internal sensations like pain; they may be perceptions of external objects and their qualities. power ▪ In Middle-earth, then, both good and evil function as external powers and as inner impulses from the psyche. ▪ Such a piece of plutonium can maintain high temperatures without any external power supply, controls, or monitoring for many years. ▪ The negotiations with external powers were expected to be much more difficult. ▪ Accusations of cheating by the use of borrowed external power could easily be met. ▪ I intend to use an external power filter. ▪ They don't require an external power source, but are expensive and you can't use them with a desktop. ▪ There are connections for an external power amplifier or powered subwoofer. ▪ Many fishkeepers purchase an external power filter and use it for years with the same media. pressure ▪ The securities industry also demonstrates particularly well the dangers of going international as a result of external pressure rather than internally-perceived opportunities. ▪ Q: Were you under tremendous external pressure to reach a deal? ▪ The overwhelming temptation and the external pressures will inevitably lead the other way; to take a quick decision and move on. ▪ There were many new external pressures to be considered. ▪ Secondly, each system is able to respond to internal and external pressures, and indeed must do so. ▪ It is small wonder that he sought quiet and freedom from external pressure to follow his inner vision. ▪ Pressures were transmitted to external pressure transducers and recorded on a polygraph. ▪ What weight is to be attached to environmental and other external pressures in understanding how its members live together? reality ▪ The individual suspends his critical judgement and involvement in external reality to becoming passively absorbed in an imaginary world. ▪ Still, these external realities inform rather than dictate the novel. ▪ When it dropped her back inside the moment, the external realities of Kärtnerstrasse seemed a pastiche of the Middle Ages. ▪ In these projections the movement is not of external reality inward but of the self outward. ▪ These inner phantasies are projected into the external reality which is then re-incorporated as objective reality. ▪ A stronger sense of self, based on a combination of external reality and internal ideas, begins to emerge. ▪ Marx none the less believed that an external reality did exist, and that human consciousness could understand it. ▪ As such, the subject contains internal objects, representations which determine the relation to what is misleadingly called external reality. source ▪ We shall in future also be making greater use of external sources of technology. ▪ It simply services all the other spending funds, by borrowing from external sources and lending internally. ▪ It is through this means that women can pull and attract others and draw into themselves energies from external sources. ▪ Whether is it typed in via the keyboard, generated via mouse movements or information received from any other external source. ▪ Advice on hardware is being obtained from external sources at present. ▪ They are increasingly being funded by external sources, such as industry. ▪ The communications network is designed to prevent unauthorised access to the system from external sources. stimulus ▪ As a result, they do not merely react to external stimuli, they do not simply behave, they act. ▪ The trigger is usually some external stimulus, not necessarily an obvious one. ▪ They give rise to behavioural responses to external stimuli that are enduring and consistent within a person's psychological constitution. ▪ In the same way, external stimuli become incorporated into dreams in order to reduce their arousing effect. ▪ Cognitive social psychologists assume that it is pan of human nature to reduce uncertainty by processing the external stimulus world through schemata. ▪ In the past century the institutions and the external stimuli affecting the relation between finance and industry have been chopped and changed. ▪ We do not initiate action; we react to a series of external stimuli. ▪ More significantly, he also realized that this electrical activity was affected by external stimuli falling on the sense organs. threat ▪ Yet except in times of war or acute external threat, this seems rarely to happen in modern democratic societies. ▪ But external threats can make for improbable subdivision bedfellows. ▪ Democratic states, like all others, survive through their ability to withstand external threats. ▪ A society, apparently working well, can stand impotent before its most domestic and external threats and important opportunities. ▪ The external threat has been Assad's biggest problem - and perhaps his own guarantee of survival. ▪ Both, however, were under external threat from barbarians more or less thinly disguised. ▪ Numerous nations have not only experienced external threats, but have been torn apart by internal struggle as well. use ▪ Simple processing of forms and documents for internal and external use. wall ▪ There will be a rolling maintenance programme of the external walls and roof to ensure they continue to be wind and watertight. ▪ Inside the Castle proper, buildings have external walls of stone some 9 inches thick for the most part. ▪ However, to public and professionals alike many old buildings are still regarded as representing little more than four external walls. ▪ At last there were just the external walls to be given a final coat of white paint. ▪ The building's external walls are faced in ironstone setts with Bath stone dressings to corners and door and window openings. ▪ The thin, external walls of the chimneys are porous and so oxygen from the outside atmosphere diffuses in. ▪ The external walls of the churches are decorated simply by pilaster strips and corbelled string courses with arcading, as in Lombardy. ▪ Beams enter the external walls only at the gables. world ▪ Attachment Although desires are internal, they are all linked to the external world through objects. ▪ They were free from all boredom and all responsibility; until they reached Saturn, the external world did not exist. ▪ Both your internal and external world changed because some one spoke a few words. ▪ The external world through which Bob Jones moves denies continuity as ruthlessly as does his inner one. ▪ The ego is that part of the id which has through perception been modified by the external world. ▪ Through assimilation and accommodation, the external world one experiences is organized and given structure. ▪ A man of a few carefully-placed words, not to lose contact with the external world. ▪ The only world which modern man considers at all is the external world of which his senses make him cognizant. EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES ▪ external affairs ▪ An external auditor is brought in to examine the accounts. ▪ Dickins has been resisting external pressure to resign as the head of the organization. ▪ Most backpacks today have internal rather than external frames ▪ The external walls of the castle are beginning to crumble. ▪ There are no external signs of injury. ▪ Without external pressure, it is unlikely the civil rights abuses would have stopped. EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS ▪ Apart from the domestic danger of a disenfranchised population, there is an external danger also. ▪ However, cultural forms themselves are essentially external to human beings as actors. ▪ In their view, corporate strategies fail because they consider problems in the external environment but not those internal to the organization. ▪ Internal or external filters have many fans. ▪ Language itself is, however, learned through external transmission. ▪ Vertebrates do it by means of a backbone and internal skeleton, arthropods achieve structural rigidity by means of a tough external skeleton or shell. ▪ Williamson would stand as Exhibit A for changed external conditions. ▪ Zeno believed that people could govern their actions without the need for external compulsion.
|
|
▼ Từ liên quan / Related words
Related search result for "external"
|
|